上索布语语法

Under construction!

Two stems of verbs


Every verb has two stems on the base of which its inflectional forms are made. These are the infinitive stem and the present stem. Both of them have to be remembered when learning a verb and are usually shown in the dictionary entries.

Individual forms are made always using only one of the stems, for instance the past compound uses only the infinitive stem, whereas the imperative uses only the present stem.



Present stem


Present stems are identical to the 3 sing. pres. forms and are divided into four classes according to their last vowel:

I -e- stems, ex.: njese carries, present stem: njese-;

II -i-/-y- stems (-y- only after s and z), ex.: spi sleeps, present stem: spi-;

III -a- stems, ex.: čita reads, present stem: čita-;

IV irregular verbs: je is, da gives, ma has, dźe goes (on foot), eats, knows, chce wants, smě may.



Infinitive stem


Most of the verbs have the infinitive form ending in (ex.: widźeć to see, spać to sleep). The infinitive stem of those verbs is the part of the infinitive form that remains after cutting the final (eg.: widźe-, spa-).

Some verbs have the infinitive form ending in -c (eg. pjec to bake, c can, to be able to). The infinitive stem of these verbs is made by replacing the final -c with -k- or -h- (ex.: pjek-, móh-).


Infinitive stems are divided into two groups:


1.

stems ending with a consonant, ex.: njes- (njesć) to carry, přas- (přasć) to spin, pjek- (pjec) to bake, móh- (móc) can, to be able to. When the last consonant of an infinitive stem is -s- it may in other forms that are made out of the stem:

a) not to change, ex. njesć – je njesł to carry – has carried, as the present stem has -s- here: njese carries

b) change into -t- or -d-, ex. přasć – je přadł to spin – has spun, as the present stem has -d- here: přadu I spin (the -t- and -d- can furtherly alternate with -ć- and -dź- respectively: předźe spins).

2.

stems ending with one of the following vowels: -i- -y- -ě- -e- -a-, ex.: wuči- (wučić) to teach, nosy- (nosyć) to carry, widźe- (widźeć) to see, kćě- (kćěć) to bloom, woła- (wołać) to call.

A dictionary entry of the verb wzać would look like this:

wzać wozmje perf. to take

which means that the infinitive stem of this verb is wza- and the present stem is wozmje-.



Back to the contents
We use cookies on this site. We do this for two purposes:

1. to allow to save the results obtained by the user in the game Words & Pictures on the user’s device and to display the results statistics on the page Your results; information about these results is not available to other users, we do not store them, analyze them nor give them to other persons,

2. to display Google ads. Read the following information about Google’s cookies for EEA and non-EEA users (scroll down).

Users from the European Economic Area

Google ads displayed on our site for users from the EEA are not personalized. Although these ads don’t use cookies for ads personalization, they do use cookies to allow for frequency capping, aggregated ad reporting, and to combat fraud and abuse.
Read more about Google cookies.

Users from outside the European Economic Area

For non-EEA users, we use Google cookies to personalize ads. We also share information about your use of our site with Google.
Read more about Google cookies

Blocking cookies

If you do not agree to our use of cookies, you should disable cookies in your browser settings or not use our site.

If you disable cookies, some options of the game Words & Images will not be available.
好的,我明白了。


Copyright © 2015–2022 BALTOSLAV.
版权所有。